Simbi furemu inyanzvi yekuvaka ine "skeleton furemu" yemakoramu esimbi akatwasuka uye akachinjika I-matanda, akavakwa mune rectangular grid kutsigira pasi, denga uye madziro echivako izvo zvese zvakabatanidzwa kune furemu.Kugadziridzwa kwehunyanzvi uhu kwakaita kuti kuvakwa kwedenga rekumusoro kugoneke.
Simbi yakakungurutswa "profile" kana chikamu chemuchinjikwa chembiru dzesimbi inotora chimiro chetsamba "I".Mafurange maviri akapamhama ekoramu akakora uye akapamhama kupfuura maflange padanda, kuti zvimirire zvirinani kudzvanyirira kushushikana muchimiro.Zvikwere uye zvakatenderedza tubular zvikamu zvesimbi zvinogonawo kushandiswa, kazhinji izere nekongiri.Masimbi esimbi akabatanidzwa kumakoramu ane mabhaudhi uye akaiswa shinda, uye nhoroondo yakabatana nema rivets.Iyo yepakati "web" yesimbi I-beam inowanzopamhama kupfuura mbiru webhu kurwisa nguva dzepamusoro dzekukotama dzinoitika mumatanda.
Mashizha akafara edhishi resimbi anogona kushandiswa kuvhara pamusoro pesimbi yesimbi se "fomu" kana marara mold, pasi pegobvu rekongiri uye simbi yekusimbisa mbariro.Imwe nzira yakakurumbira ndeye uriri hwe precast kongiri yepasi mayuniti ane imwe fomu yekongiri topping.Kazhinji muzvivako zvehofisi, nzvimbo yekupedzisira yepasi inopiwa neimwe nzira yakasimudzwa yepasi pasi ine chivharo pakati pekufamba pamusoro uye pasi rekugadzirisa rinoshandiswa kune tambo uye mhepo inobata ducts.
Furemu inoda kuchengetedzwa kubva kumoto nekuti simbi inopfava patembiricha yakakwira uye izvi zvinogona kuita kuti chivakwa chiparare zvishoma.Panyaya yemakoramu izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekuiisa mune imwe nzira yekudzivirira moto senge masonry, kongiri kana plasterboard.Matanda anogona kuiswa mukongiri, plasterboard kana kupfapfaidzwa nejasi kuti aichengetedze kubva pakupisa kwemoto kana inogona kudzivirirwa neinodzivirira sirin'i kuvaka.Asbestos yaive yakakurumbira zvinhu zvekudzivirira moto zvivakwa zvesimbi kusvika kutanga kwema1970, njodzi dzehutano dzeasbestos fiber dzisati dzanyatsonzwisiswa.
Iyo yekunze "ganda" rechivako rakasungirirwa kune furemu richishandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekuvaka uye kutevera hukuru hwakakura hwemaitiro ekuvaka.Zvidhinha, dombo, kongiri yakasimbiswa, girazi rekuvaka, pepa simbi uye pendi chete zvakashandiswa kuvhara furemu kudzivirira simbi kubva mumamiriro ekunze.
Mafuremu esimbi anotonhora anozivikanwa zvakare seakareruka simbi kuumba (LSF).
Mashizha matete esimbi anogona kutonhora akaumbwa kuita simbi dzesimbi kuti ishandiswe sechinhu chekuvaka kana chisiri chekuvaka kune ese ekunze uye ekupatsanura madziro mune ese ekugara, ekutengesa uye maindasitiri ekuvaka mapurojekiti (pamufananidzo).Dimension yekamuri inotangwa ne track yakachinjika iyo yakasungirirwa pasi uye sirin'i kuratidza kamuri yega yega.Maturu akatwasuka akarongwa mumakwara, kazhinji akaparadzana masendimita gumi nematanhatu (410 mm) uye akasungirirwa kumusoro nepasi.
Iwo akajairika profiles anoshandiswa mukuvaka kwekugara ndeye C-shape stud uye U-yakaita track, uye akasiyana mamwe maprofile.Nhengo dzekugadzira dzinowanzo gadzirwa muhupamhi hwe12 kusvika ku25 geji.Heavy gauges, senge 12 uye 14 geji, inowanzoshandiswa kana axial mitoro (yakafanana nehurefu hwenhengo) yakakwira, senge mukuvakwa kwekutakura mutoro.Medium-heavy gauges, akadai se16 uye 18 geji, inowanzoshandiswa kana pasina axial mitoro asi inorema lateral mitoro (perpendicular to the member) sekunze kwemadziro emadziro ayo anoda kurwisa dutu remhepo inotakura mitoro pamwe nemahombekombe.Mageji emwenje, akadai se25 geji, anowanzoshandiswa kana pasina axial mitoro uye yakareruka kwazvo lateral mitoro senge mukati mekuvaka uko nhengo dzinoshanda semafuremu ekuparara kwemadziro pakati pemakamuri.Kupedzwa kwemadziro kunosungirirwa kumativi maviri eflange yestud, iyo inosiyana kubva 1+1⁄4 kusvika 3 inches (32 kusvika 76 mm) gobvu, uye hupamhi hwewebhu hunobva pa1+5⁄8 kusvika 14 inches (41) kusvika 356 mm).Rectangular zvikamu zvinobviswa kubva pawebhu kuti zvipe mukana wetambo dzemagetsi.
Simbi zvigayo zvinogadzira galvanized sheet simbi, hwaro zvinhu zvekugadzira inotonhora-yakaumbwa simbi profiles.Sheet simbi inozokungurutswa-inoumbwa mumaprofile ekupedzisira anoshandiswa kugadzira.Mashizha acho ane zinc yakavharwa (galvanized) kudzivirira oxidation uye corrosion.Simbi yekumisikidza inopa yakanakisa dhizaini kuchinjika nekuda kweiyo yakakwira simba-kusvika-huremu reshiyo yesimbi, iyo inoibvumira kureba pamusoro pemadaro marefu, uye zvakare kuramba mitoro yemhepo nekudengenyeka.
Simbi-yakaumbwa madziro anogona kugadzirwa kuti ape zvakanakisa kupisa uye acoustic zvimiro - imwe yeanonyanya kufunga kana uchivaka uchishandisa inotonhora-yakaumbwa simbi ndeyekuti inopisa bhiriji inogona kuitika kumadziro system pakati pekunze kwezvakatipoteredza nenzvimbo yemukati yakamisikidzwa.Thermal bridging inogona kudzivirirwa kubva nekuisa layer yekunze yakagadzika insulation padivi pesimbi yekumisikidza - inowanzonzi 'thermal break'.
Kupatsanurwa pakati pezvitubu kunowanzo kuita 16 inches pakati pekunze kwemba uye mukati memadziro emukati zvichienderana neakagadzirirwa kurodha zvinodiwa.Mumahofisi masutu nzvimbo inokwana 24 inches (610 mm) pakati pemadziro ese kunze kweelevator nemataircase matsime.
Kushandiswa kwesimbi panzvimbo yesimbi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekugadzirisa pakutanga kwainonoka.Chivako chekutanga chakaumbwa nesimbi, Ditherington Flax Mill, chakavakwa muna 1797, asi hazvina kusvika pakugadzirwa kweBessemer muna 1855 kuti kugadzirwa kwesimbi kwakagadzirwa zvakakwana kuti simbi ive chinhu chakashandiswa zvakanyanya.Simbi dzakachipa, dzaive nepamusoro-soro uye simba rekumanikidza uye yakanaka ductility, yaiwanikwa kubva munenge muna 1870, asi simbi yakagadzirwa uye yakakandwa yakaramba ichigutsa kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekuvaka simbi, nekuda kwematambudziko ekugadzira simbi kubva kune alkaline ores.Aya matambudziko, akanyanya kukonzerwa nekuvapo kwephosphorus, akagadziriswa naSidney Gilchrist Thomas muna 1879.
Yakanga isiri kusvika 1880 apo nguva yekuvaka yakavakirwa pasimbi yakavimbika yakapfava yakatanga.Pakazosvika zuva iroro kunaka kwesimbi dzaigadzirwa kwakanga kwava kuenderana.[1]
Imba yeInishuwarenzi Yekuvaka, yakapedzwa muna 1885, ndiyo yekutanga kushandisa skeleton furemu kuvaka, kubvisa zvachose basa rekutakura mutoro wekupfeka kwayo masonry.Muchiitiko ichi mbiru dzesimbi dzinongoiswa mumadziro, uye kutakura mutoro wadzo unoratidzika sewechipiri kune huwandu hwemasonry, kunyanya kukutakura kwemhepo.MuUnited States, chivakwa chekutanga chesimbi chaive neRand McNally Building muChicago, chakavakwa muna 1890.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-06-2022