pombi yesimbi

Pipe
Pombi chikamu chetubula kana humburumbira, kazhinji asi kwete hazvo yedenderedzwa muchinjiko-chikamu, chinoshandiswa kunyanya kufambisa zvinhu zvinogona kuyerera - zvinwiwa nemagasi (fluids), slurries, hupfu uye mirwi yezvakaoma zvidiki.Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kune zvimiro zvekushandisa;hollow pombi yakaoma zvikuru pachiyero cheyuniti pane nhengo dzakasimba.

Mukushandiswa kwakajairwa mazwi pombi uye chubhu anowanzo chinjana, asi muindasitiri neinjiniya, mazwi anotsanangurwa zvakasiyana.Zvichienderana nechiyero chinoshanda chainogadzirwa, pombi inowanzotsanangurwa nedhayamita yezita ine dhayamita rekunze rekunze (OD) uye chirongwa chinotsanangura ukobvu.Tube inonyanya kutsanangurwa neOD uye kukora kwemadziro, asi inogona kutsanangurwa neipi mbiri yeOD, mukati medhayamita (ID), uye ukobvu hwemadziro.Pipe inowanzogadzirwa kune imwe yezviyero zvakati wandei zvepasi rose uye zvemaindasitiri.[1]Kunyange miyero yakafanana iripo kune chaiyo indasitiri application tubing, chubhu inowanzoitwa kune yakajairwa saizi uye yakakura huwandu hwemadhayamita uye kushivirira.Mazhinji maindasitiri uye ehurumende zviyero zviripo pakugadzirwa kwepombi uye tubing.Izwi rekuti "chubhu" rinoshandiswawo kune zvisiri-cylindrical zvikamu, kureva, sikweya kana rectangular tubing.Kazhinji, "pombi" ndiro izwi rinowanzozivikanwa munyika zhinji, nepo "chubhu" ichishandiswa zvakanyanya muUnited States.

Ose "pombi" uye "chubhu" anoreva mwero wekusimba uye kugara, nepo hose (kana hosepipe) kazhinji inotakurika uye kuchinjika.Pombi maassemblies anenge anogara achivakwa nekushandiswa kwemafittings senge magokora, matei, zvichingodaro, nepo chubhu inogona kuumbwa kana kukotamira mumagariro echivanhu.Kune zvigadzirwa zvisingachinjiki, hazvigone kuumbwa, kana uko kuvakwa kunotongwa nekodhi kana zviyero, magungano echubhu anovakwawo nekushandiswa kwechubhu fittings.

Uses
Kuiswa kwepombi mumugwagwa muBelo Horizonte, Brazil
Plumbing
Pombi mvura
Kudiridza
Mapaipi anotakura gasi kana mvura munhambwe refu
Compressed air systems
Casing yekongiri mipiringi inoshandiswa muzvirongwa zvekuvaka
High-temperature kana high-pressure kugadzira maitiro
Indasitiri ye petroleum:
Oiri tsime ganda
Mafuta ekunatsa michina
Kuendeswa kwemvura, ingave ine gasi kana mvura, muchirimwa chekugadzira kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo mukuita
Kuendeswa kwezvakaoma zvakawanda, muchikafu kana chirimwa chekugadzira kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo mukuita
Kuvakwa kwemidziyo yekuchengetedza yakakwira (ona kuti midziyo mikuru yekumanikidza inovakwa kubva mundiro, kwete pombi nekuda kwekukora kwemadziro uye saizi).
Uyezve, mapaipi anoshandiswa kune zvinangwa zvakawanda zvisingasanganisi kutakura mvura.Handrails, scaffolding, uye zvivakwa zvekutsigira zvinowanzo vakwa kubva kune zvimiro pombi, kunyanya munzvimbo yeindasitiri.

Kugadzira
Chinyorwa chikuru: Kudhirowa kwechubhu
Pane nzira nhatu dzesimbi pombi kugadzira.Centrifugal casting of hot alloyed metal ndiyo imwe yemaitiro ane mukurumbira.[citation inodiwa] Ductile iron pombi dzinowanzogadzirwa nenzira yakadai.

Seamless (SMLS) pombi inoumbwa nekudhirowa billet yakasimba pamusoro petsvimbo inoboora kugadzira goko risina mhango nenzira inodaidzwa kuti rotary kuboora.Sezvo nzira yekugadzira isingabatanidzi chero welding, mapaipi asina musono anoonekwa seakasimba uye akavimbika.Kare, pombi isina musono yaionekwa seinomira nedzvinyiriro iri nani pane mamwe marudzi, uye yaiwanzowanikwa kupfuura pombi yakakandwa.

Kufambira mberi kubva kuma1970s mune zvekushandisa, kudzora maitiro, uye kusiri-kuparadza kuyedzwa, bvumidza nenzira kwayo yakatsanangurwa welded pombi kutsiva isina musono mumashandisirwo mazhinji.Welded pombi inoumbwa nekukungurutsa ndiro uye welding musono (kazhinji neElectric resistance welding (“ERW”), kana Electric Fusion Welding (“EFW”)).Iyo weld flash inogona kubviswa kubva mukati nekunze kwekunze uchishandisa scarfing blade.Iyo weld zone inogona zvakare kupiswa-kugadziriswa kuita kuti musono usaonekwe.Welded pombi inowanzove yakaomesesa dimensional kushivirira pane iyo isina musono mhando, uye inogona kuchipa kugadzira.

Pane akati wandei maitiro anogona kushandiswa kugadzira mapaipi eERW.Imwe neimwe yemaitiro aya inotungamira kukubatana kana kubatanidzwa kwesimbi zvikamu mumapombi.Magetsi emagetsi anopfuudzwa nepamusoro penzvimbo dzinofanirwa kubatanidzwa pamwe chete;sezvo zvikamu zviri kubatanidzwa pamwe chete zvinopesana nemagetsi emagetsi, kupisa kunogadzirwa kunoumba weld.Madziva esimbi yakanyungudutswa anoumbwa apo nzvimbo mbiri dzakabatanidzwa semagetsi ane simba anopfuudzwa nesimbi;madziva aya esimbi yakanyungudutswa anoumba weld inosunga zvikamu zviviri zvakavharwa.

Mapaipi eERW anogadzirwa kubva pakunamatwa kwesimbi.Iyo welding process yemapombi eERW inoenderera, kusiyana newelding yezvikamu zvakasiyana panguva nenguva.ERW maitiro anoshandisa simbi coil se feedstock.
Iyo High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process inoshandiswa kugadzira mapaipi eERW.Muchiitiko ichi, ikozvino weld pombi inoshandiswa nenzira ye induction coil yakakomberedza chubhu.HFI inowanzo onekwa sepamusoro pehunyanzvi pane "zvakajairika" ERW pakugadzira mapaipi ezvikumbiro zvakakosha, sekushandisa muchikamu chesimba, mukuwedzera kune mamwe mashandisiro mumutsara pombi maapplication, pamwe necasing uye tubing.
Hombe-dhayamita pombi (25 masendimita (10 mukati) kana kupfuura) inogona kunge iri ERW, EFW kana Submerged Arc Welded (“SAW”) pombi.Pane matekinoroji maviri anogona kushandiswa kugadzira pombi dzesimbi dzakakura kupfuura pombi dzesimbi dzinogona kugadzirwa nemaitiro asina musono uye eERW.Mhando mbiri dzepombi dzinogadzirwa kuburikidza neaya matekinoroji ndeakareba-akadzika arc-welded (LSAW) uye spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) mapaipi.LSAW inogadzirwa nekukotama uye kuchinjisa mahwendefa esimbi yakafara uye inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemafuta uye gasi.Nekuda kwekudhura kwadzo, mapaipi eLSAW haawanzo shandiswa mumutengo wakaderera usingashandisi simba senge pombi dzemvura.Mapaipi eSSAW anogadzirwa ne spiral (helicoidal) welding yesimbi coil uye ane mutengo wakanaka pamusoro pemapombi eLSAW, sezvo maitiro anoshandisa makoiri kwete marata esimbi.Saka nekudaro, mukushandisa uko spiral-weld inogamuchirwa, mapaipi eSSAW anogona kusarudzwa pane mapombi eLSAW.Ose mapombi eLSAW nemapombi eSSAW anokwikwidzana nemapombi eERW nemapombi asina musono muhupamhi hwe16”-24”.

Tubing yekuyerera, ingave simbi kana purasitiki, inowanzo dhindwa
Zvishandiso

Nhoroondo dzemvura dzemvura kubva kuPhiladelphia dzaisanganisira mapaipi emapuranga
Pombi inogadzirwa nemhando dzakawanda dzezvinhu zvinosanganisira ceramic, girazi, fiberglass, simbi zhinji, kongiri nepurasitiki.Kare, matanda nomutobvu (plumbum yechiLatin, panobva shoko rokuti 'pombi') zvaiwanzoshandiswa.

Kazhinji piping yesimbi inogadzirwa nesimbi kana simbi, senge isina kupera, nhema (lacquer) simbi, kabhoni simbi, Stainless simbi, galvanized simbi, ndarira, uye ductile iron.Iron based pombi inogona kuita ngura kana ikashandiswa mukati mehova yemvura ine mweya weokisijeni. [2]Aluminium pombi kana tubing inogona kushandiswa kana simbi isingaenderane nemvura yemusevhisi kana painorema;aluminium inoshandiswawo pakupisa kupisa tubing senge mumafiriji masisitimu.Copper tubing yakakurumbira kumvura yemumba (potable) pombi dzemvura;mhangura inogona kushandiswa uko kunodiwa kuchinjisa kupisa (kureva mareyeta kana zvinopisa).Inconel, chrome moly, uye titanium simbi alloys anoshandiswa mukupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidza pombi mukuita uye masimba emagetsi.Paunenge uchitsanangura ma alloys emaitiro matsva, nyaya dzinozivikanwa dzekukwira uye yekukurudzira maitiro dzinofanirwa kuverengerwa.

Mapombi emutobvu achiri kuwanikwa mudzimba dzekare nedzimwe masisitimu ekuparadzira mvura, asi hazvichatenderwe kumisikidzwa yepombi dzemvura dzinonwiwa nekuda kwehupfu hwayo.Makodhi mazhinji ekuvaka ave kuda kuti pombi dzemutobvu munzvimbo dzekugara kana dzemasangano dzitsiviwa nemapombi asina chepfu kana kuti mukati memachubhu agadziriswe nephosphoric acid.Sekureva kwemuongorori mukuru uye nyanzvi inotungamira neCanadian Environmental Law Association, “…hapana mwero wakachengeteka wemutobvu [wekuratidzwa nevanhu]”.[3]Muna 1991 US EPA yakabudisa Mutemo weLead neCopper, ndiwo mutemo wemubatanidzwa unoganhura kuwanda kwemutobvu nemhangura inobvumidzwa mumvura yekunwa yeveruzhinji, pamwe nehuwandu hunotenderwa hwekuora kwepombi kunoitika nekuda kwemvura pachayo.MuUS zvinofungidzirwa kuti 6.5 miriyoni tambo dzesevhisi (pombi dzinobatanidza pombi dzemvura nepombi dzepamba) dzakaiswa pamberi pemakore ekuma1930 dzichiri kushandiswa.[4]

Plastic tubing inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune huremu hwayo huremu, makemikari kuramba, isingaore zvivakwa, uye nyore kugadzira kubatanidza.Zvishandiso zvepurasitiki zvinosanganisira polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), [6] yakasimbisa polymer dhaka (RPMP), [6] polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), muchinjikwa -yakabatanidzwa high-density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), uye acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), somuenzaniso.Munyika dzakawanda, mapaipi ePVC anotora zvinhu zvakawanda zvepombi zvinoshandiswa mukuvigwa kwemanisiparati zvikumbiro zvekugovera mvura yekunwa uye mapombi emvura. [5]Vatsvagiri vemusika vari kufanotaura mari dzepasi rose dzinopfuura US$80 bhiriyoni muna 2019. [7]MuEurope, kukosha kwemusika kunosvika kune approx.€ 12.7 bhiriyoni muna 2020 [8]

Pombi inogona kugadzirwa kubva kongiri kana ceramic, kazhinji kune yakaderera-kudzvanywa maapplication akadai segiravhiti kuyerera kana mvura.Mapombi esuweji achiri kunyanya kugadzirwa kubva kongiri kana ivhu rekuti vitrified.Kongiri yakasimbiswa inogona kushandiswa kune yakakura-diameter kongiri pombi.Iyi pombi zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakawanda dzekuvaka, uye inowanzoshandiswa mukutakura-kuyerera kwekutakura kwemvura ine dutu.Kazhinji pombi yakadaro inenge iine bhero rekugamuchira kana nhanho yekuisa, ine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuisa chisimbiso dzinoshandiswa pakuiswa.

Traceability uye positive material intification (PMI)
Kana ma alloys epombi akagadzirwa, bvunzo dzesimbi dzinoitwa kuti uone kuumbwa kwezvinhu ne% yega yega kemikari chinhu mupombi, uye mhedzisiro yacho inonyorwa muChinyorwa Chekuyedza (MTR).Iyi bvunzo inogona kushandiswa kuratidza kuti alloy inoenderana neakasiyana zvirevo (semuenzaniso 316 SS).Iwo maedzo anodhindwa nedhipatimendi reQA/QC remuchigayo uye anogona kushandiswa kutsvaga zvinhu zvichidzokera kuchigayo nevashandisi venguva yemberi, senge pombi uye vagadziri vakakodzera.Kuchengetedza kucherechedzwa pakati peiyo alloy zvinhu uye yakabatana MTR chinhu chakakosha chemhando yekusimbisa nyaya.QA kazhinji inoda kuti nhamba yekupisa inyorwe papombi.Kuchenjerera kunofanirawo kutorwa kudzivirira kuunzwa kwezvinhu zvekunyepedzera.Se backup kune etching/ labeling yekuzivikanwa kwezvinhu papombi, positive material identification (PMI) inoitwa pachishandiswa chigadziro cheruoko;mudziyo unoongorora pombi zvinhu uchishandisa emitted electromagnetic wave (x-ray fluorescence/XRF) uye inogamuchira mhinduro inoongororwa zvine mutsindo.

Saizi
Chinyorwa chikuru: Nominal Pipe Size
Saizi dzepombi dzinogona kuvhiringa nekuti temu yacho inogona kuenderana nekukura kwenhoroondo.Semuenzaniso, pombi yesimbi yehafu-inch haina chero dimension iyo iri hafu inchi.Pakutanga, pombi ine hafu yeintshi yaiva nepakati kafara remamita 1⁄2 (13 mm)—asi yaivawo nemadziro akakora.Sezvo tekinoroji yakavandudzwa, madziro matete akave akagoneka, asi dhayamita rekunze rakaramba rakafanana saka raikwanisa kusangana nepombi yekare yaivepo, ichiwedzera dhayamita yemukati kupfuura hafu yeinji.Nhoroondo yepombi yemhangura yakafanana.Mumakore ekuma1930, pombi yakasarudzwa nedhayamita yemukati uye 1⁄16-inch (1.6 mm) mudhuri gobvu.Naizvozvo, pombi yemhangura ye1-inch (25 mm) yakanga ine 1+1⁄8-inch (28.58 mm) kunze kwedhayamita.Iyo dhayamita yekunze ndiyo yaive chiyero chakakosha chekubatanidza nemidziyo.Ukobvu hwemadziro pamhangura yemazuva ano kazhinji hutete kupfuura 1⁄16-inch (1.6 mm), saka dhayamita yemukati inongori "nominal" chete kwete chiyero chekutonga.[9]Tekinoroji nyowani dzepombi dzimwe nguva dzakatora saizi system seyayo.PVC pombi inoshandisa Nominal Pipe Size.

Kukura kwepombi kunotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwemitemo yenyika uye yepasi rose, kusanganisira API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M uye B36.19M muUS, BS 1600 uye BS EN 10255 muUnited Kingdom neEurope.

Pane nzira mbiri dzakajairika dzekugadzira pombi kunze kwedhayamita (OD).Nzira yekuNorth America inodaidzwa kuti NPS ("Nominal Pipe Size") uye yakavakirwa pamainji (inowanzonziwo NB ("Nominal Bore").Shanduro yeEurope inonzi DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") uye inobva pamamirimita.Kugadzira dhayamita rekunze kunobvumira mapaipi ehukuru hwakafanana kuti akwane pamwe chete zvisinei nekukora kwemadziro.

Pamasaizi epombi ari pasi peNPS 14 inch (DN 350), nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzinopa kukosha kwezita reOD inotenderedzwa uye haina kufanana neOD chaiyo.Semuenzaniso, NPS 2 inch uye DN 50 inyere pombi, asi iyo chaiyo OD i2.375 inches kana 60.33 millimita.Iyo chete nzira yekuwana iyo chaiyo OD ndeyekuitarisa kumusoro mune referensi tafura.
Pamasaizi epombi eNPS 14 inch (DN 350) uye yakakura saizi yeNPS ndiyo dhayamita chaiyo mumainch uye saizi yeDN inoenzana neNPS nguva 25 (kwete 25.4) yakatenderedzwa kuita yakapetwa ka50. Semuenzaniso, NPS 14 ine ine OD ye14 inches kana 355.60 millimetres, uye yakaenzana neDN 350.
Sezvo dhayamita yekunze yakagadziridzwa kune yakapihwa saizi yepombi, iyo mukati medhayamita ichasiyana zvichienderana nekukora kwemadziro epombi.Semuyenzaniso, 2″ Schedule 80 pombi ine makobvu madziro uye saka diki mukati dhayamita kupfuura 2 ″ Schedule 40 pombi.

Pombi yesimbi yave ichigadzirwa kweanenge makore 150.Saizi dzepombi dziri kushandiswa nhasi muPVC nemarara dzakagadzirwa makore adarika epombi yesimbi.Iyo nhamba system, seSch 40, 80, 160, yakaiswa kare uye inoita seisinganzwisisike.Semuenzaniso, Sch 20 pombi yakatetepa kupfuura Sch 40, asi yakafanana OD.Uye nepo mapaipi aya akavakirwa pakukura kwepombi dzesimbi, kune imwe pombi, senge cpvc yemvura inopisa, inoshandisa saizi yepombi, mukati nekunze, zvichibva pachiyero chekare chemhangura pombi pachinzvimbo chesimbi.

Zviyero zvakawanda zvakasiyana zviripo zvehukuru hwepombi, uye kuwanda kwavo kunosiyana zvichienderana neindasitiri nenzvimbo yenzvimbo.Iyo pombi saizi yekududza kazhinji inosanganisira nhamba mbiri;imwe inoratidza kunze (OD) kana dhayamita yezita, uye imwe inoratidza ukobvu hwemadziro.Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pombi yeAmerica yakanga yakakura nemukati wepakati.Iyi tsika yakasiiwa kuti igadzirise kufambirana nepombi fittings iyo inofanirwa kuwanzoenderana neOD yepombi, asi yakave nemhedzisiro inogara pamaitiro emazuva ano pasi rese.

MuNorth America neUK, piping yekumanikidza inowanzotsanangurwa neNominal Pipe Size (NPS) uye chirongwa (SCH).Saizi dzepombi dzinonyorwa nehuwandu hwezviyero, zvinosanganisira API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M (Tafura 1) muUS, uye BS 1600 uye BS 1387 muUnited Kingdom.Kazhinji pombi madziro ukobvu ndiyo inodzorwa shanduko, uye iyo Mukati Diameter (ID) inotenderwa kusiyanisa.Mudhuri wepombi ukobvu kune musiyano unosvika 12.5 muzana.

MuEurope yese yekumanikidza pombi inoshandisa iwo ma ID epombi uye kukora kwemadziro seNominal Pipe Size, asi anonyora nemametric Diameter Nominal (DN) pachinzvimbo cheNPS yeumambo.PaNPS yakakura kudarika gumi nemana, DN yakaenzana neNPS yakapetwa ne25. (Kwete 25.4) Izvi zvakanyorwa neEN 10255 (yaimbova DIN 2448 neBS 1387) uye ISO 65:1981, uye inowanzonzi DIN kana ISO pombi. .

Japan ine seti yayo yakajairwa pombi saizi, inowanzonzi JIS pombi.

Iyo Iron pombi saizi (IPS) ndiyo yekare sisitimu ichiri kushandiswa nevamwe vagadziri uye nhaka yekudhirowa nemidziyo.Nhamba yeIPS yakafanana nenhamba yeNPS, asi marongero aive akaganhurirwa kuStandard Wall (STD), Yakawedzera Yakasimba (XS), uye Kaviri Yakawedzera Yakasimba (XXS).STD yakafanana neSCH 40 yeNPS 1/8 kusvika kuNPS 10, inosanganisirwa, uye inoratidza .375″ ukobvu hwemadziro eNPS 12 uye hombe.XS yakafanana neSCH 80 yeNPS 1/8 kusvika kuNPS 8, inosanganisirwa, uye inoratidza .500″ ukobvu hwemadziro eNPS 8 uye hombe.Tsanangudzo dzakasiyana dziripo dzeXXS, zvisinei haina kumbofanana neSCH 160. XXS yakakora kudarika SCH 160 yeNPS 1/8″ kusvika 6″ inosanganisirwa, nepo SCH 160 yakakora kupfuura XXS yeNPS 8″ uye yakakura.

Imwe hurongwa hwekare iDuctile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), iyo inowanzova neOD yakakura kupfuura IPS.

Copper plumbing chubhu yepombi yepombi yepombi yepombi inoteedzera saizi yakasiyana zvachose muAmerica, inowanzonzi Copper Tube Size (CTS);ona hurongwa hwemvura yemumba.Saizi yaro yezita haisi mukati kana kunze kwedhayamita.Plastic tubing, sePVC neCPVC, yemapombi maapplication anewo akasiyana saizi zviyero [zvisina kujeka].

Zvekurima zvinoshandisa saizi yePIP, inomirira Plastic Irrigation Pipe.PIP inouya mukumanikidzwa zviyero zve 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), uye 125 psi (860 kPa) uye inowanikwa mumadhayamita e6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, uye masendimita makumi maviri nemana (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, uye 61 cm).

Mitemo
Kugadzirwa uye kuisirwa kwekumanikidza pombi kunodzorwa zvakasimba neASME "B31" kodhi kodhi seB31.1 kana B31.3 iyo ine hwaro hwayo muASME Boiler uye Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).Iyi kodhi ine simba remutemo muCanada neUS.Europe uye nedzimwe nyika dzine hurongwa hwakaenzana hwekodhi.Pressure pombi inowanzoita pombi iyo inofanirwa kutakura mafambiro anopfuura gumi kusvika makumi maviri neshanu mumhepo, kunyangwe tsananguro dzichisiyana.Kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakachengeteka kweiyo system, kugadzira, kuchengetedza, welding, kuyedzwa, nezvimwe zvekumanikidza pombi kunofanirwa kusangana neyakaomesesa yemhando zviyero.

Kugadzira zviyero zvepombi zvinowanzoda kuyedzwa kwemakemikari ekuumbwa uye nhevedzano yemagetsi ekuyedza simba kune imwe neimwe kupisa kwepombi.Kupisa kwepombi zvese zvinogadzirwa kubva kune imwechete yakakandwa ingot, uye nekudaro yaive neyakafanana makemikari anoumbwa.Mechanical bvunzo inogona kuve yakabatana kune yakawanda pombi, iyo ingangove yese kubva pakupisa kwakafanana uye yave kuburikidza nenzira imwechete yekupisa kupisa.Mugadziri anoita bvunzo idzi uye anoshuma kuumbwa mune chigayo traceability mushumo uye iyo mechaniki bvunzo mune yezvinyorwa bvunzo repoti, ese ari maviri anorehwa neacronym MTR.Material ane aya ane chekuita nemishumo yebvunzo anonzi traceable.Pamashandisirwo akaomarara, yechitatu bato ongororo yeiyi bvunzo inogona kudiwa;mune iyi nyaya yakazvimirira lab inoburitsa yakasimbiswa zvinhu bvunzo mushumo (CMTR), uye zvinhu zvacho zvinodaidzwa kunzi certified.

Mamwe anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pombi zviyero kana makirasi epombi ndeaya:

The API range - ikozvino ISO 3183. Eg: API 5L Grade B - ikozvino ISO L245 apo nhamba inoratidza simba regoho muMPa
ASME SA106 Giredhi B (Seamless kabhoni simbi pombi yekupisa tembiricha sevhisi)
ASTM A312 (isina musono uye welded austenitic Stainless simbi pombi)
ASTM C76 (Concrete Pipe)
ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)
TS ISO 14692 Petroleum uye gasi maindasitiri. Girazi-yakasimbiswa mapurasitiki (GRP) piping. Kukodzera uye kugadzira
ASTM A36 (Carbon simbi pombi yezvimiro kana yakaderera kushandiswa kwesimba)
ASTM A795 (Simbi pombi yakanangana nemoto sprinkler systems)
API 5L yakachinjwa muchikamu chechipiri che2008 kuti iite edition 44 kubva ku43 kuti ifanane ne ISO 3183. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti shanduko yakagadzira zvinodiwa kuti sour service, ERW pipe, ipfuure hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). ) bvunzo paNACE TM0284 kuitira kuti ishandiswe sevhisi sevhisi.

ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]
AWWA [American Water Works Association]
AWWA M45
Installation
Kuiswa kwepombi kunowanzo kudhura kupfuura zvinhu uye zvakasiyana siyana zvekushandisa, matekiniki, uye zvikamu zvakagadziridzwa kubatsira izvi.Pombi inowanzounzwa kumutengi kana nzvimbo yebasa se“zvitanda” kana kureba kwepombi (kazhinji 20 tsoka (6.1 m), inodaidzwa kuti single random urefu) kana kuti dzakagadzirwa nemagokora, matei nemavharuvhu mupombi yakafanogadzirwa [A pipe spool chimedu chepombi yakagara yaunganidzwa uye mafittings, kazhinji inogadzirwa muchitoro kuitira kuti kuisa panzvimbo yekuvakira kugone kushanda zvakanyanya.].Kazhinji, pombi idiki pane 2 inches (5.1 cm) haina kufanogadzirwa.Iyo pombi spools inowanzotakwa nebar code uye migumo yakavharwa (plastiki) yekudzivirira.Mapombi nemapombi epombi zvinounzwa kuimba yekuchengetera zvinhu pabasa guru rekutengesa/maindasitiri uye zvinogona kuitirwa mumba kana muyadhi yakagadzikwa.Iyo pombi kana pombi spool inotorwa, inomiswa, yakabikwa, uye yosimudzwa panzvimbo.Pamabasa makuru ekuita kusimudza kunoitwa uchishandisa cranes uye hoist uye zvimwe zvekusimudza zvinhu.Iwo anowanzo tsigirwa kwenguva pfupi muchimiro chesimbi uchishandisa danda simbi, tambo, uye madiki hoist kudzamara pombi dzinotsigira dzakabatanidzwa kana neimwe nzira kuchengetedzwa.

Muenzaniso wechishandiso chinoshandiswa pakugadzika pombi diki yepombi (threaded ends) ndiyo chipanera chepombi.Pombi diki haiwanzo kurema uye inogona kusimudzwa ichiiswa panzvimbo nemushandi wekugadzira.Nekudaro, panguva yekudzima kwechirimwa kana kudzima, iyo diki (diki diki) pombi inogona zvakare kugadzirwa kare kuti ikurumidze kuisirwa panguva yekudzima.Mushure mekunge pombi yaiswa ichaongororwa kuti haina kubuda.Usati waongororwa ungada kucheneswa nekufuridzira mweya kana chipfunga kana kugezeswa nemvura.

Pipe inotsigira
Mapombi anowanzo kutsigirwa kubva pazasi kana kurembera kubva kumusoro (asi anogona zvakare kutsigirwa kubva padivi), uchishandisa michina inonzi pombi inotsigira.Zvitsigiro zvinogona kunge zviri nyore sepombi "shangu" inofanana nehafu yeI-beam yakasungirirwa pasi pepombi;dzinga“turikwa” pachishandiswa clevis, kana kuti nemhando yetrapeze yemidziyo inonzi mapipe hangers.Mapombi anotsigira emhando ipi neipi anogona kubatanidza zvitubu, snubbers, madhamu, kana misanganiswa yezvishandiso izvi kutsiva kuwedzera kwekupisa, kana kupa kuzunguzika kwega, kudzora kuvhunduka, kana kuderedzwa kwekunakidzwa kwepombi nekuda kwekufamba kwekudengenyeka.Mamwe madhamu anongori madhashipots emvura, asi mamwe madhamu anogona kunge ari anoshanda hydraulic midziyo ine sophisticated masisitimu anoita kudzikamisa peak displacement nekuda kwekutemerwa kwekunze kuzunguzika kana mechanical shock.Mafambiro asingadiwe anogona kunge ari maitiro akatorwa (semubhedha yakanyungudika) kana kubva muchiitiko chemusikirwo sekudengenyeka kwenyika (design basis event kana DBE).

Pipe hanger inoungana inowanzobatanidzwa nepipe clamps.Kugona kuratidzwa kune tembiricha yepamusoro uye mitoro inorema inofanira kuverengerwa kana uchitsanangura kuti ndeapi mabhampa anodiwa.[10]

Kujoinha
Chinyorwa chikuru: Piping uye pombi dzemagetsi
Mapombi anowanzo kubatanidzwa newelding, achishandisa threaded pombi uye fittings;kuisa chisimbiso netambo yepombi, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Thread seal tape, oakum, kana PTFE tambo, kana kushandisa mechanical coupling.Maitiro epombi anowanzo kubatanidzwa newelding uchishandisa TIG kana MIG maitiro.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa pombi yekubatanidza ndeye butt weld.Migumo yepombi ichaiswa welds inofanirwa kunge iine imwe weld gadziriro inonzi End Weld Prep (EWP) iyo inowanzo pakona ye37.5 madhigirii kugarisa simbi yekuzadza.Iyo yakajairika pombi shinda muNorth America ndiyo National Pipe Thread (NPT) kana iyo Dryseal (NPTF) vhezheni.Dzimwe shinda dzepombi dzinosanganisira British standard pombi shinda (BSPT), gadheni hose shinda (GHT), uye moto hose coupling (NST).

Mapombi emhangura anowanzo kubatanidzwa ne soldering, brazing, compression fittings, flaring, kana crimping.Mapombi epurasitiki anogona kubatanidzwa ne solvent welding, heat fusion, kana elastomeric sealing.

Kana kazhinji kudimburwa kuchizodikanwa, gasketed pombi flanges kana mubatanidzwa fittings inopa kuvimbika kurinani pane shinda.Mamwe mapaipi akatetepa-akakomberedzwa emudhuri, senge madiki emhangura kana anochinjika epurasitiki emvura pombi anowanikwa mudzimba dzevanogadzira aizi uye mahumidifiers, semuenzaniso, anogona kubatanidzwa ne compression fittings.

HDPE mhete main iyo yakabatanidzwa neElectrofusion Tee.
Pombi yepasi pevhu inowanzoshandisa "push-on" gasket style yepombi inodzvanya gasket munzvimbo inoumbwa pakati pezvimedu zviviri zvinobatana.Push-on joints inowanikwa pamhando dzakawanda dzepombi.Pombi yakabatana lubricant inofanira kushandiswa mukuungana kwepombi.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akavigwa, mapaipi akabatana-gasket anobvumira kufamba kweparutivi nekuda kwekushanduka kwevhu pamwe nekuwedzera / kudhonzwa nekuda kwekusiyana kwetembiricha.[11]Plastiki MDPE uye HDPE gasi uye pombi dzemvura zvakare dzinowanzobatanidzwa neElectrofusion fittings.

Huru pamusoro pevhu pombi inowanzo shandisa mubatanidzwa une flanged, uyo unowanzo kuwanikwa mu ductile iron pombi uye mamwe mamwe.Iyo gasket maitiro apo maflange epombi anosanganisirwa anosungirirwa pamwechete, achimanikidza gasket munzvimbo iri pakati pepombi.

Mechanical grooved couplings kana Victaulic majoini anoshandiswawo kazhinji disassembly uye kusangana.Yakagadziridzwa muma1920s, aya ma mechanical grooved couplings anogona kushanda anosvika zana nemakumi maviri emapaunzi pa square inch (830 kPa) kushanda madzvinyiriro uye anowanikwa mumidziyo yekufananidza pombi giredhi.Imwe mhando ye mechanical coupling is flareless tube fitting (Makuru mabhii anosanganisira Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker);iyi mhando yekumisikidza fitting inowanzoshandiswa padiki tubing pasi pe 2 inches (51 mm) mudhayamita.

Kana mapaipi akabatana mumakamuri anodiwa zvimwe zvinoumba manejimendi (senge mavharuvhu kana geji), majoini ekubvisa anowanzo shandiswa, kuitira kuti kukwira/kudzika kuve nyore.

Fittings uye mavharuvhu

Copper pipe fittings
Fittings anoshandiswawo kupatsanura kana kujoinha akati wandei mapaipi pamwechete, uye nezvimwe zvinangwa.Yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana-siyana yakagadziriswa pombi fittings inowanikwa;iwo anowanzo kupatsanurwa kuita ingave tee, gokora, bazi, chinoderedza/chikurisa, kana wye.Mavharuvhu anodzora kuyerera kwemvura uye anogadzirisa kudzvanywa.Zvinyorwa zvepombi nepombi uye mavharuvhu zvinokurukura nezvazvo zvakare.

Kuchenesa
Chinyorwa chikuru: Kuchenesa Tube

Pombi ine limescale buildup, ichideredza dhayamita yemukati zvakanyanya.
Mukati mepombi inogona kucheneswa nechubhu yekuchenesa nzira, kana yakasvibiswa nemarara kana kusvibiswa.Izvi zvinoenderana nenzira iyo pombi ichashandiswa uye kuchena kunodiwa pakuita.Mune zvimwe zviitiko mapaipi anocheneswa pachishandiswa mudziyo wokutamisa unozivikanwa sePipeline Inspection Gauge kana kuti “nguruve”;pamwe pombi kana machubhu anogona kugezwa nekemikari pachishandiswa mishonga ine hunyanzvi inopomba.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, apo kutarisirwa kwakatorwa mukugadzira, kuchengetedza, uye kuiswa kwepombi uye tubing, mitsetse inopeperetswa yakachena nemhepo yakamanikidzwa kana nitrogen.