Prefabricated building

Prefabricated building

Chivako chakagadzirirwa, zvisina kurongwa prefab, chivakwa chinogadzirwa uye chinovakwa pachishandiswa prefabrication.Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakagadzirwa nefekitari kana zvikamu zvinotakurwa uye zvinounganidzwa panzvimbo kuti zvive chivako chakakwana.

Zvivako zvakavakwa munzvimbo imwe uye zvakabatanidzwazve mune imwe munhoroondo yose.Izvi zvaive zvechokwadi kune zviitiko zvefoni, kana kune zvitsva zvekugara.Elmina Castle, nhare yekutanga yevaranda muWest Africa, yaivewo yekutanga European prefabricated chivakwa muSub-saharan Africa. nokukurumidza disassembled uye kufamba kanenge kamwe.John Rollo akatsanangura muna 1801 kushandiswa kwekare kwezvivakwa zvechipatara zvinotakurika muWest Indies.[2]Zvichida imba yekutanga yakashambadzirwa yaive "Manning cottage".Mumwe muvezi weLondon, Henry Manning, akavaka imba yakavakwa muzvikamu, ndokuzotumirwa nengarava ndokuunganidzwa navaBritish vakatama.Izvi zvakatsikiswa panguva iyoyo (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) uye vashoma vachiri kumira muAustralia.[3]Imwe yakadaro iFriends Meeting House, Adelaide. [4] [5]Gore rakakwirira rokupinzwa kwezvivako zvinotakurika kuAustralia rakanga riri 1853, apo mazana anoverengeka akasvika.Izvi zvakaonekwa sezvinobva kuLiverpool, Boston neSingapore (nemirairo yekuChina yekuunganidzazve). [6]MuBarbados imba yeChattel yaive chivakwa chekare chakagadzirwa nevaranda vakasunungurwa vaive nekodzero shoma yekuvaka panzvimbo yavaive vasina.Sezvo zvivako zvacho zvaifambika zvaionekwa zviri pamutemo sematauriro.[7]

Muna 1855 munguva yeHondo yeCrimea, mushure mekunge Florence Nightingale anyora tsamba kuThe Times, Isambard Kingdom Brunel yakapihwa basa rekugadzira chipatara chakagadzirwa.Mumwedzi mishanu akagadzira Chipatara cheRenkioi: chipatara chevarwere 1,000, chine hutsva hwehutsanana, mhepo yekupinza mhepo uye chimbuzi chekutsvaira.[8]Mugadziri William Eassie akavaka mayunitsi gumi nematanhatu anodiwa muGloucester Docks, akatumirwa zvakananga kuDardanelles.Yakangoshandiswa kubva munaKurume 1856 kusvika Gunyana 1857, yakaderedza huwandu hwerufu kubva pa42% kusvika 3.5%.

Mafurati ekutanga epasirese epasirese, pre-cast-akaiswa mapaneru akapayona muLiverpool.Maitiro akagadzirwa nainjiniya weguta John Alexander Brodie, ane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvakare akaita kuti atange mambure echinangwa chenhabvu.Iyo tram stables paWalton muLiverpool yakatevera muna 1906. Pfungwa iyi haina kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya muBritain, zvisinei yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya kune imwe nzvimbo, kunyanya muEastern Europe.

Dzimba dzakagadzirwa kare dzakagadzirwa panguva yeGold Rush muUnited States, pakagadzirwa kits kuti vatarisiri vekuCalifornian vakwanise kuvaka pekugara nekukurumidza.Dzimba dzaiwanikwa muchimiro chekiti neodha yetsamba muUnited States muna 1908.[9]

Dzimba dzakagara dzakagadzirirwa dzakakurumbira munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri nekuda kwekudiwa kwekugara kwevanhu vazhinji vemauto.United States yakashandisa matumba eQuonset sezvivakwa zvemauto, uye kuUnited Kingdom zvivakwa zvakagara zvakagadzirirwa zvaisanganisira Nissen huts neBellman Hangars.'Prefabs' dzakavakwa mushure mehondo senzira yekukurumidza uye yakachipa yekupa dzimba dzemhando yepamusoro sechinotsiva dzimba dzakaparadzwa panguva yeBlitz.Kuwanda kwedzimba dzakavakwa kare munyika yose kwakakonzerwa neBurt Committee uye Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944. Pasi pechirongwa cheMinistry of Works Emergency Factory Made pedzimba, zvakatemwa zvakadhirowewa uye zvakakumbirwa nevakasiyana siyana kuvaka nekugadzira. makambani.Mushure memvumo neMoW, makambani aikwanisa kukumbira zvirongwa zvebudiriro zveKanzuru, zvichikonzera kuti nzvimbo dzese dzemaprefabs dzivakwe kuti dzipe pekugara kune avo vasina pekugara neHondo uye nekubvumidzwa kwezvitangwena kuri kuramba kuchienderera.[10]Zvingangosvika zviuru zana nemakumi matanhatu zvakavakwa muUK muna 1948 nemutengo unosvika 216 miriyoni.Nzvimbo huru pane imwe chete prefab estate muBritain[11] yaive ku Belle Vale (South Liverpool), uko kwakavakwa zvinopfuura chiuru nezana zana mushure meHondo Yenyika 2. Nzvimbo iyi yakaputswa kuma1960 pakati pekukakavadzana kukuru sezvo maprefabs aifarirwa zvakanyanya nevagari venzvimbo iyi. nguva.
Amersham Prefab (COAM) -imba yekumberi inoratidza moto wakasimba
Prefabs yakanangana nemhuri, uye kazhinji yaive nehoro yekupinda, dzimba mbiri dzekurara (vabereki nevana), imba yekugezera (imba ine yekugezera) - yaive nyowani nyowani kune vazhinji vekuBritain panguva iyoyo, chimbuzi chakaparadzana, imba yekutandarira. uye kicheni yakashongedzerwa (isina kuiswa mupfungwa yemazuva ano).Zvekuvaka zvaisanganisira simbi, aluminium, matanda kana asbestos, zvichienderana nerudzi rwekugara.Aluminium Type B2 prefab yakagadzirwa sezvikamu zvina zvakafanounganidzwa izvo zvaigona kutakurwa nerori chero kupi zvako munyika.[12]
Amersham Prefab's Kitchen (COAM)-inoratidza Belling cooker, Ascot wash hita uye firiji
Iyo Universal House (pamufananidzo kuruboshwe & imba yekutandarira kurudyi) yakapihwa kuChiltern Open Air Museum mushure memakore makumi mana kushandiswa kwenguva pfupi.Mako 3 akagadzirwa neUniversal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.

United States yakashandisa dzimba dzakagadzirirwa mauto panguva yehondo uye maGI achidzokera kumba.Makirasi eprefab aifarirwa nezvikoro zveUK zvichiwedzera marororo azvo panguva yekukura kwevana kuma1950 nema1960.

Zvivakwa zvakawanda zvakavakwa zvine makore mashanu kusvika gumi, asi zvakapfuura izvi nekure, nehuwandu huripo nhasi.Muna 2002, semuenzaniso, guta reBristol rakanga richine vagari vanogara mumienzaniso 700.[13]Makanzuru mazhinji emuUK anga ari mushishi rekuputsa mienzaniso yekupedzisira yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri kuti ienderane neDecent Homes Standard yehurumende yeBritain, yakatanga kushanda muna 2010. Zvakadaro, pave nerumutsiriro ichangoburwa mumitoo yakafanogadzirwa. yekuvaka kuitira kubhadhara kushomeka kwedzimba kweUnited Kingdom.

Prefabs uye the modernist movement

Vagadziri vezvivakwa vari kubatanidza zvigadziriso zvemazuva ano mudzimba dzakagara dzakagadzirwa nhasi.Imba yeprefab haifanire kufananidzwa nemusha unotakurika maererano nechitarisiko, asi neiyo yedhizaini yemazuva ano yakaoma.[14]Pakave zvakare nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu "zvakasvibirira" mukuvakwa kweidzi dzimba dzeprefab.Vatengi vanogona kusarudza zviri nyore pakati pezvakasiyana zvakatipoteredza kupedzisa uye nemadziro masisitimu.Sezvo dzimba idzi dzakavakwa muzvikamu, zviri nyore kuti muridzi wemba awedzere mamwe makamuri kana kunyange solar panel pamatenga.Dzimba zhinji dzeprefab dzinogona kugadziridzwa kunzvimbo chaiyo yemutengi uye mamiriro ekunze, zvichiita kuti dzimba dzeprefab dzive nyore uye dzechimanjemanje kupfuura kare.

Iko kune zeitgeist kana maitiro mumagadzirirwo ezvivakwa uye mweya wezera unofarira diki kabhoni tsoka ye "prefab".

Kubudirira
Kuvaka zvivakwa zvakagara kugadzirwa kwave kushanda zvakanyanya muChina zvekuti muvaki muChangsha akavaka chivako chine nhurikidzwa gumi mumaawa makumi maviri nemasere nemaminetsi makumi mana nemashanu.[15][16]

Munyika dzechiKomonisiti
Nyika zhinji dzekumabvazuva kweEurope dzakakuvadzwa mumuviri mukati meHondo Yenyika II uye hupfumi hwadzo hwakanga hwakashata zvakanyanya.Pakanga pachidikanwa kuvakazve maguta akanga aparadzwa zvikuru nemhaka yehondo.Semuyenzaniso, Warsaw yakanga yaparara pasi pasi pekuparadzwa kwakarongwa kweWarsaw nemauto eGermany mushure meKumukirana kweWarsaw muna 1944.Pakati peDresden, Germany, yakanga yaparadzwa chose chose nebhomba reAllied 1945.Stalingrad yakanga yaparadzwa zvakanyanya uye nhamba shoma yezvivakwa zvakasara zvakamira.

Zvivakwa zvakagara zvakagadzirirwa zvakashanda senzira isingadhuri uye inokurumidza kuderedza kushomeka kwedzimba kukuru kwakabatana nekuparadzwa kwehondo uye hukuru hwemaguta uye kubhururuka kumaruwa.